简短的研究相关的神经化学和神经递质

关于这项研究

神经化学是研究化学物质,如神经递质和其他分子如psychopharmaceuticals和神经肽,控制和影响神经系统的生理机能。这组神经科学研究中,化学物质如何影响函数的神经元,神经突触和神经网络。Neurochemists研究有机化合物的生物化学和分子生物学的神经系统,以及他们的角色在神经过程如皮质可塑性、神经发生和神经分化。神经递质和神经肽组成神经系统的化学活性神经化学的最重要的方面。许多化学物质需要适当的神经功能。在magnocellular神经肽催产素,它是合成神经内分泌细胞,在母性行为和有性生殖很重要,尤其是出生之前和之后。proteolytically处理这个前体蛋白激活短形式的神经肽。在失望中扮演一个角色反射,子宫收缩,肾上腺轴,催产素抑制皮质醇和促肾上腺皮质激素的释放。谷氨酸,最丰富的神经递质,是一种兴奋性神经,这意味着其释放突触间隙导致动作电位。Gammaaminobutyric酸是一种神经递质,作为抑制剂。

它结合在神经突触质膜,导致带负电的氯离子进入和退出带正电的钾离子。这种离子交换导致神经元的跨膜超极化的潜力,这是造成的消极变化。多巴胺是一种神经递质,调节情绪的边缘系统的功能调节。大脑中多巴胺的功能在不同的方面,包括认知、睡眠、情绪,牛奶产量,运动,动力,和奖励。5 -羟色胺是一种神经递质,控制情绪,睡眠,和其他大脑功能。这是一个外围信号中介发现消化道和血液中。血清素也可能发挥重要作用在肝脏再生,根据研究。研究各种类型、结构和功能的神经元,以及它们的化学成分,称为神经化学。神经递质、神经肽、激素、神经调质和各种其他信号分子调节神经元之间的化学信号。许多神经系统疾病是由大脑的神经化学的不平衡。 In Parkinson's disease, for example, there is a dopamine imbalance in the brain. Medications include neurochemicals, which are used to alter brain function and treat brain disorders. A typical neurochemist might investigate how the chemical components of the brain interact, as well as neural plasticity, neural development, physical changes in the brain during disease, and changes in the brain during ageing. One of the most important areas of research in neurochemistry is how post-traumatic stress disorder affects the brain. Fluctuations in neurotransmitter levels can influence whether or not a PTSD episode occurs, as well as how long the episode lasts. Dopamine is less effective than norepinephrine. Different neurochemicals can have different effects on different parts of the brain. This allows drugs used to treat PTSD to have no negative effects on other brain processes. Prazosin is an effective medication for treating nightmares associated with PTSD. Neuropeptides are chemical messengers composed of small chains of amino acids that neurons synthesise and release. Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors to modulate neural activity as well as the activity of other tissues such as the gut, muscles, and heart. Over 100 neuropeptides have been identified, representing the largest and most diverse class of signalling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are created by cleaving large precursor proteins, which are then post-translationally processed and packaged into dense core vesicles. In a single neuron, neuropeptides are frequently co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, resulting in a wide range of effects. Neuropeptides, once released, can spread widely and affect a wide range of targets. Following cell depolarization, dense core vesicles release neuropeptides. According to some evidence, neuropeptides are released following high-frequency firing or bursts, distinguishing dense core vesicle release from synaptic vesicle release. Neuropeptides use volume transmission and are not quickly reabsorbed, allowing them to diffuse across large areas to reach their targets. Almost all neuropeptides bind to GPCRs, triggering second messenger cascades that modulate neural activity over time. Neuropeptides are expressed in a variety of ways in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are frequently co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, resulting in a variety of effects depending on the release combination. For example, vasoactive intestinal peptide is usually released in conjunction with acetylcholine.