土壤微生物的特点和意义

描述

土壤微生物的研究,它们的功能以及它们如何影响土壤特性被称为土壤微生物学。首次发现的细菌和微生物在地球上被认为是起源于两至四十亿年前之间的水域。这些细菌可能出现的固氮能力,随着时间的推移,他们的氧气释放到环境中。几种类型的土壤微生物包括细菌、放线菌、真菌、藻类和原生动物。除了病毒、细菌和古细菌是土壤中最小的生物。他们是最普遍的微生物在土壤和各种各样的关键功能,包括固定氮。土壤中细菌数量的增长会影响土壤的一般构成。

可能会有更多的细菌在一个位置有更多的矿物质。此外,这些细菌会产生聚集,改善土壤的整体健康。细菌的代谢适应性是最显著的特征之一。许多化学物质和化肥可以被细菌代谢被称为假单胞菌属。另一方面,不同属称为硝化菌属只能获得其能量通过亚硝酸氧化成硝酸盐。因为它可以在缺氧和呼吸厌氧,不像大多数物种,属梭状芽孢杆菌作为插图的适应能力的细菌。铜绿假单胞菌是假单胞菌的物种之一,可以呼吸耗氧和厌氧与硝酸作为终端电子受体。在土壤和水、氮经常营养最稀缺。固氮的过程中,大气氮转换成氮含量的植物可以利用的分子,是由细菌了。像硝化菌属物种,自养细菌生产自己的食物通过氧化作为能源而不是吃植物或其他的生物。负责调节氮的细菌。几乎每一个植物和生物需要氮以某种形式,因此即使自养菌在数量上很少,与异养细菌相比,这些都是十分重要的。土壤中的微生物放线菌。他们是一种细菌,但也表现出其他特质更可能趋同进化的结果作为一个共享的生境与生活方式的结果。土壤中真菌是常见的,但细菌更为普遍。的大小、形状和颜色的生殖孢子,利用真菌繁殖,是主要因素用于分类成不同的物种。 The majority of environmental conditions that affect bacterial and actinomycete growth and also spread affect fungus. Since most fungi rely on organic matter for nourishment, the quality and quantity of organic matter in the soil directly affect the growth of fungi. Through photosynthesis, algae are able to produce their own nutrients. Light energy is converted during photosynthesis into chemical energy, which can then be stored as nutrition. Algae normally spread out evenly wherever sunlight and mild moisture are present because they need light to grow because photosynthesis relies on it. Algae can survive below the soil surface in the presence of constant temperatures and moisture levels without being exposed to the sun directly. Additionally, algae are able to fix nitrogen. Protozoa are eukaryotic organisms that were among the first microorganisms to reproduce sexually. This represents a huge evolutionary step from the duplication of spores, which is a need for many other soil microbes. The three subgroups of protozoa are ciliates, amoebae and flagellates. Flagellates are the tiniest protozoa and can be further classified according on whether they can engage in photosynthesis. Because chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs sunlight, flagellates devoid of chlorophyll are unable to undergo photosynthesis. The majority of these flagellates are found in soil. Chlorophyll containing flagellates are often found in aquatic environments. Flagella, which are the flagellates means of propulsion, can be used to identify them. Some species only have one flagella, which resembles a long branch or appendage, whereas others have several flagella. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and plant hormones are important regulators of innate immunity in plant leaves.