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ISSN ONLINE(2320-9801) PRINT (2320-9798)

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Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Maximizing Network Lifetime of MANETs

Anjum Asma
Dept. of I.T., CCIS, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Abstract

Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are limited battery powered. That’s why energy efficient routing has become an important optimization criterion in MANETs. The conventional routing protocols do not consider energy of the nodes while selecting routes which leads to early exhaustion of nodes and partitioning of the network. This paper attempts to provide an energy aware routing algorithm. The proposed algorithm finds the transmission energy between the nodes relative to the distance and the performance of the algorithm is analyzed between two metrics Total Transmission energy of a route and Maximum Number of Hops. The proposed algorithm shows efficient energy utilization and increased network lifetime with total transmission energy metric.

Keywords
energy efficient algorithm; Manets; total transmission energy; maximum number of hops; network lifetime

INTRODUCTION
移动Ad Hoc网络(manet)由科尔ection of mobile nodes which are not bounded in any infrastructure. Nodes in MANET can communicate with each other and can move anywhere without restriction. This non-restricted mobility and easy deployment characteristics of MANETs make them very popular and highly suitable for emergencies, natural disaster and military operations.
Nodes in MANET have limited battery power and these batteries cannot be replaced or recharged in complex scenarios. To prolong or maximize the network lifetime these batteries should be used efficiently. The energy consumption of each node varies according to its communication state: transmitting, receiving, listening or sleeping modes. Researchers and industries both are working on the mechanism to prolong the lifetime of the node’s battery. But routing algorithms plays an important role in energy efficiency because routing algorithm will decide which node has to be selected for communication.
The main purpose of energy efficient algorithm is to maximize the network lifetime. These algorithms are not just related to maximize the total energy consumption of the route but also to maximize the life time of each node in the network to increase the network lifetime. Energy efficient algorithms can be based on the two metrics: i) Minimizing total transmission energy ii) maximizing network lifetime. The first metric focuses on the total transmission energy used to send the packets from source to destination by selecting the large number of hops criteria. Second metric focuses on the residual batter energy level of entire network or individual battery energy of a node [1].

RELATED WORK
在非盟[2]thors used average residual battery level of the entire network and it was calculated by adding two fields to the RREQ packet header of a on-demand routing algorithm i) average residual battery energy of the nodes on the path ii) number of hops that the RREQ packet has passed through. According to their equation retransmission time is proportional to residual battery energy. Those nodes having more battery energy than the average energy will be selected because its retransmission time will be less. Small hop count is selected at the stage when most of the nodes have same retransmission time. Individual battery power of a node is considered as a metric to prolong the network lifetime in [3]. Authors used an optimization function which considers nature of the packet, size of the packet and distance between the nodes, number of hops and transmission time are also considered for optimization. In [ 4] initial population for Genetic Algorithm has been computed from the multicast group which has a set of paths from source to destination and the calculated lifetime of each path. Lifetime of the path is used as a fitness function. Fitness function will select the highest chromosomes which is having highest lifetime. Cross over and mutation operators are used to enhance the selection. In [5] authors improved AODV protocol by implementing a balanced energy consumption idea into route discovery process. RREQ message will be forwarded when the nodes have sufficient amount of energy to transmit the message otherwise message will be dropped. This condition will be checked with threshold value which is dynamically changing. It allows a node with over used battery to refuse to route the traffic in order to prolong the network life. In [6] Authors had modified the route table of AODV adding power factor field. Only active nodes can take part in rout selection and remaining nodes can be idle. The lifetime of a node is calculated and transmitted along with Hello packets. In [7] authors considered the individual battery power of the node and number of hops, as the large number of hops will help in reducing the range of the transmission power. Route discovery has been done in the same way as being done in on-demand routing algorithms. After packet has been reached to the destination, destination will wait for time δt and collects all the packets. After time δt it calls the optimization function to select the path and send RREP. Optimization function uses the individual node’s battery energy; if node is having low energy level then optimization function will not use that node.

PROPOSED ALGORITHM
A. Design Considerations:
? Initial battery energy (IBE) is 50Jules for each node.
? Nodes are able to calculate its residual battery energy (RBE).
? Keeping track of previously used paths.
? Considered all possible paths at beginning.
? Receiving energy is not considered.
? The time when no path is available to transmit the packet is considered as the network lifetime.
B. Description of the Proposed Algorithm:
Aim of the proposed algorithm is to maximize the network life by minimizing the total transmission energy using energy efficient routes to transmit the packet. The proposed algorithm is consists of three main steps.
Step 1: Calculating Transmission Energy:
The transmission energy (TEnode ) of each node relative to its distance with another node is calculated by using eq.(1) [8].
imageeq. (1)
where k is constant and n is path loss factor which is generally between (2-4) [8].
Step 2: Selection Criteria:
(RBE节点应该有更多的剩余电池能量) than the required transmission energy (TEnode ) to transmit the packet to the next node in the route. All the nodes in the route will be checked with this condition even if one node of a route is not satisfying this condition then that route will not be considered as a feasible solution. All the other routes having all the nodes with sufficient amount of energy are considered as the feasible solution. And those nodes having equal RBE than (TEnode ) are made to go into sleep mode. This selecting criterion helped to prolong the network life by avoiding the link breakage. We tried to avoid the repeated use of the path. But at one stage we have to compromise with energy efficiency when we have a route with less energy consumption but it is already being used and a rout with maximum consumption of energy which is not used. So till this point we avoided repeated use of the paths and tried to increase the network life. Transmission energy of a node to node in a rout is calculated according to the distance and the total transmission energy (TTER) for that rout is calculated using eq. (2).
image
where m is the number of hops in the route, TE = TEnode is the transmission energy between the nodes. The route having minimum total transmission energy i.e. min (TTER) will be selected as energy efficient route.
Step 3: Calculating Residual Battery Energy (RBE):
After transmitting the packet, residual battery energy for each node of the route is calculated using eq. (3) with parameters initial battery energy (IBE) and TEnode.
image

PSEUDO CODE
Step 1: Generate all the possible routes.
Step 2: Calculate the TEnode for each node of each route using eq. (1).
Step 3: Check the below condition for each route till no route is available to transmit the packet.
if (RBE < = TEnode) Make the node into sleep mode else Select all the routes which have active nodes end
Step 4: Calculate the total transmission energy for all the selected routes using eq. (2).
Step 5: Select the energy efficient route on the basis of minimum total transmission energy of the route.
Step 6: Calculate the RBE for each node of the selected route using eq. (3).
Step 7: go to step 3.
Step 8: End.

SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation studies involve the deterministic small network topology with 5 nodes as shown in Fig.1. The proposed energy efficient algorithm is implemented with MATLAB. We transmitted same size of data packets through source node 1 to destination node 5. Proposed algorithm is compared between two metrics Total Transmission Energy and Maximum Number of Hops on the basis of total number of packets transmitted, network lifetime and energy consumed by each node. We considered the simulation time as a network lifetime and network lifetime is a time when no route is available to transmit the packet. Simulation time is calculated through the CPUTIME function of MATLAB. Our results shows that the metric total transmission energy performs better than the maximum number of hops in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption and total number of packets transmitted through the network.
The network showed in Fig. 1 is able to transmit 22 packets if total transmission energy metric is used and 17 packets if used maximum number of hops metric. And the network lifetime is also more for total transmission energy. It clearly shows in Fig. 2 that the metric total transmission energy consumes less energy than maximum number of hops. As the network is MANET means nodes are mobile and they change their locations. After nodes have changed their location the new topology is shown in Fig .3 and energy consumption of each node is shown in Fig. 4. Our results shows that the metric total transmission energy performs better than the maximum number of hops in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption and total number of packets transmitted through the network.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm performs better with the total transmission energy metric than the maximum number of hops metric. The proposed algorithm provides energy efficient path for data transmission and maximizes the lifetime of entire network. As the performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed between two metrics in future with some modifications in design considerations the performance of the proposed algorithm can be compared with other energy efficient algorithm. We have used very small network of 5 nodes, as number of nodes increases the complexity will increase. We can increase the number of nodes and analyze the performance.

Figures at a glance
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

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