现代海洋学

关键字

这么深奥;海洋开发;断层扫描;气象;宇宙信息。

描述

尽管如此,人类信息的海洋仍局限于水的最高的一些理解和一个小的脚,主要在浅范围。几乎没有大海的深邃。英国杰出的海军的努力表内的所有世界海岸线的19世纪中叶强化可疑认为大部分的海特别深刻;尽管小被进一步的事实。调查点燃的流行和逻辑感兴趣在极地地区和非洲,所以也做了未知的海洋的奥秘。HMS挑战者接受主1872年全球海洋询问事业。今天的重要场合内建立海洋科学的是1872年一个¢€“1876年挑战者的任务。作为主要的海洋航行,这些事业奠定了整个学术和研究学科的基础。针对君威协会建议,英国政府宣布1871年世界海洋开发一个承诺调查。在19世纪晚期,其他西方国家而且发出逻辑努力(个人和教育)。 The primary reason built oceanographic transport, Albatros, was built in 1882. In 1893, Fridtjof Nansen allowed his dispatch, Fram, to be solidified within the Cold ice. This empowered him to get oceanographic, meteorological and cosmic information at a stationary spot over an amplified period. In 1881 the geographer John Francon Williams distributed a seminal book, Topography of the Oceans. Between 1907 and 1911 Otto Krümmel distributed the Handbuch der Ozeanographie, which got to be persuasive in arousing open intrigued in oceanography. The four-month 1910 North Atlantic endeavour headed by John Murray and Johan Hjort was the foremost driven inquire about oceanographic and marine zoological extend ever mounted until at that point, and driven to the classic 1912 book The Profundities of the Sea. The primary acoustic estimation of ocean profundity was made in 1914. Between 1925 and 1927 the "Meteor" endeavour accumulated 70,000 sea profundity estimations utilizing an resound sounder, studying the Mid-Atlantic Edge. Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming distributed The Seas in 1942, which was a major point of interest. The Ocean (in three volumes, covering physical oceanography, seawater and geography) altered by M.N. Slope was distributed in 1962, whereas Rhodes Fairbridge's Reference book of Oceanography was distributed in 1966. The Incredible Worldwide Crack, running along the Mid Atlantic Edge, was found by Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen in 1953; in 1954 a mountain run beneath the Ice Sea was found by the Ice Organized of the USSR. The hypothesis of seafloor spreading was created in 1960 by Harry Hammond Hess. The Sea Penetrating Program begun in 1966. Deep-sea vents were found in 1977 by Jack Corliss and Robert Ballard within the submersible DSV Alvin. Within the 1950s, Auguste Piccard designed the bathyscaphe and utilized the bathyscaphe Trieste to explore the ocean's profundities. The Joined together States nuclear submarine Nautilus made the primary travel beneath the ice to the North Shaft in 1958. In 1962 the FLIP (Coasting Instrument Stage), a 355-foot (108 m) fight buoy, was to begin with deployed. From the 1970s, there has been much accentuation on the application of huge scale computers to oceanography to permit numerical forecasts of sea conditions and as a portion of by and large natural change prediction. An oceanographic buoy cluster was set up within the Pacific to permit forecast of El Niño events. 1990 saw the begin of the World Sea Circulation Test (WOCE) which proceeded until 2002. Geosat seafloor mapping information got to be accessible in 1995. In later a long time thinks about progressed specific information on sea fermentation, sea warm substance, sea streams, the El Niño marvel, mapping of methane hydrate stores, the carbon cycle, coastal erosion, weathering and climate feedbacks in regards to climate change interactions.