A NON-REPUDIABLE BIASED BITSTRING COMMITMENT SCHEME ON A POST QUANTUM CRYPTOSYSTEM USING NON-ABELIAN GROUP

D.B.Ojha^*1, Abhishek Dwivedi²and Akhilesh Dwivedi³

Department of Mathematics, R. K. G. Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, U.P., India,[email protected]
Research Scholar Singhania University, Jhunjhunu, Rajsthan, India& Department of M.C.A., Raj Kumar Goel Engineering College, Ghaziabad, U.P., India[email protected]
M.Tech. (IS) Student A.I.T., New Delhi, affiliated to G.G.S.I.P. University, New Delhi, India[email protected]

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Abstract

Commitment schemes are fundamental bricks for guaranteeing fairness in upper level cryptographic protocols. Most commitment schemes in the literature rely on hash functions, which should be strongly collision free for the scheme to be secure. We present a commitment scheme, which avoids hash functions by using a public-key cryptosystem based on braid root problem instead.

Keywords

Biased bit string commitment, braid group, root problem, non abelian group.

INTRODUCTION

In cryptography, a commitment scheme or a bit commitment scheme is a method that allows a user to commit to a value while keeping it hidden and preserving the user's ability to reveal the committed value later. A useful way to visualize a commitment scheme is to think of the sender as putting the value in a locked box, and giving the box to the receiver. The value in the box is hidden from the receiver, who cannot open the lock (without the help of the sender), but since the receiver has the box, the value inside cannot be changed. Commitment schemes are important to a variety of cryptographic protocols, especially zero-knowledge proofs and secure computation [9, 10]. Over the past two decades, a bulk of excellent protocols based upon bit commitment has been followed by the first constructions on bit commitment [9, 11, 3], many improvements have been proposed [10, 12, 14, 13, 5]. In 1988, Goldreich et al. [12] presented another factoring-based bit commitment scheme which is more efficient than Blum’s [9]. In 1989, Naor [10] reduced the properties of bit commitment schemes on information-theoretically binding and computationally hiding to pseduo-randomness. Shortly afterwards, Naor et al. [10] also reduced the properties of bit commitment schemes on computationally binding and information-theoretically hiding to one-way permutation. In 1992, Pedersen [14] proposed a bit commitment scheme based on discrete logarithm problem.

In 1996, Halevi and Micali [13] also put forward a new bit commitment scheme by using a collision-free one-way hash function. In [10], a general framework was introduced for building bit commitments using one-way functions. The drawback of those early schemes is that they only allow commitment to a single bit, whereas committing to a bitstring is a fundamental need in many cryptographic applications. Most commitment schemes in the literature are based on hash functions, which cause them to share two shortcomings:

1. The hash functions used should be strongly collision free. However, this property can only be empirically checked. It actually turns out that some schemes are inadvertently based on weakly collision-free hash functions [4].

2. Hash functions alone cannot offer non-repudiability.

PRELIMINARIES

脆的承诺方案:

In a commitment scheme, one party Alice (sender) aim to entrust a concealed message m to the second party Bob (receiver), intuitively a commitment scheme may be seen as the digital equivalent of a sealed envelope. If Alice wants to commit to some message m she just puts it into the sealed envelope, so that whenever Alice wants to reveal the message to Bob, she opens the envelope. First of all the digital envelope should hide the message from, Bob should be able to learn m from the commitment. Second, the digital envelope should be binding , meaning with this that Alice cannot change her mind about m, and by checking the opening of the commitment one can verify that the obtained value is actually the one Alice had in mind originally [2,1].

BRAID GROUPS:

computationally infeasible if braids of a sufficient size are considered.

OUR PROPOSED SCHEME

承诺应该non-repudiable: not be possible for party A to deny having committed to value. Nonrepudiability can be achieved by having the commitment signed by the committing party. Here we also considers a different non-trivial generalization, Party A commits a number to Party B with a given, fixed bias 1/k, while the basic bit commitment can be viewed as a special case of setting bias value to 1/2.

PROTOCOL 1(COMMITMENT):

COMMIT PHASE:

Therefore, under the assumption that the problem is intractable, A has no way to cheat, i.e., the proposed scheme is computationally binding.

CONCLUSION

Non-repudiable commitments schemes are an essential part of secure e-gaming and e-gambling protocols. In fact, such schemes are a guarantee that player misbehaviors or deviations from the protocols will be detected. Using the new primitive, one party is allowed to commit a value to another party with a given, fixed bias while the basic bitstring commitment can be viewed as special case when the bias value is set to . Using a public-key cryptosystem to construct a commitment is away of achieving nonrepudiability, a property which cannot be offered by hash functions alone. In this paper, we have presented a commitment scheme that allows a player to commit to a bitstring in a non-repudiable way based on the braid root problems with -biased bitstring commitment scheme, which is information theoretically, hiding and computationally binding.

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