种子中提取的植物化学的筛查和拒食素活动Parkia Biglobosa对豇豆Bean(豇豆属Unguiculata)仓储害虫(Callosobruchus Maculatus)

Umar Muhd萨尼
副教授、化学系、尼日利亚警察学院,Wudil有,卡诺州

文摘

尼日利亚北部的农民自主使用许多植物保护谷物和豆类害虫损害在存储。种子中提取的植物化学的筛查Parkia biglobosa表示生物碱的存在,类黄酮,心脏苷、多酚、单宁、和萜类化合物在乙醇提取物和生物碱、类固醇、萜类化合物、类黄酮和皂苷在石油中提取。在这项研究中测试昆虫(Callosobrucus maculatus)拒食素的功效是培养和第一代后代出现。豆子是穿着不同剂量(0.04,0.08,0.12,0.16,和0.20 g)的提取和种子损伤数据被用来估计象鼻虫穿孔指数(WPI)。批发价格指数发现随着提取物浓度的增加而减少。控制WPI的50%相比,两种提取物被认为是高效拒食素对豇豆象鼻虫存储允许的时间研究害虫。能够保护种子从损害已经清楚地显示百分比保护剂能力(PPA),其价值在0.20 g剂量乙醇提取94.74%,石油醚提取物是81.82%。乙醇提取因此更有效比石油醚提取最高剂量。因此,这项研究的结果表明,Parkia biglobosa种子提取物具有拒食素活动可能与次生代谢产物的存在有关植物化学的检测到的筛选。

关键字

拒食素、二次代谢物,豇豆豆类,Parkia biglobosa, Callosobruchus maculatus, weevilperforation指数,percent-protection-ability

介绍

豇豆bean,豇豆属unguiculata (l)Walp。,is an important legume in West Africa and it is widely cultivated and eaten in Nigeria [1]. Nigeria accounts for 70% of the world’s production of cowpea beans [2]. It is a major food crop in tropical countries and popularly used as protein suppliment for meat and fish; moreover, it contains digestible carbohydrates and lysine [3]. The cowpea beans, however, are vulnerable to insect pests of which the cowpea weevil, Callosobruhus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is the most important [4]. Callosobruchus maculatus is a major field to storage pest of cowpea with initial infestation starting in the field and expanding rapidly during seed storage. It is a cosmopolitan pest ranked as the principal post-harvest pest of cowpea in the tropics [5,6]. It causes substantial quantitative and qualitative losses manifested by seed perforation and reduction in weight, market value and germinability of seeds [7]. Under traditional storage conditions, 100% infestation of cowpea occurring within 6 months or more often within 3 to 5 months of storage is common [8,9]. The occurrence of this cowpea pest therefore constitutes a major problem contributing to huge food shortage in tropical and subtropical countries of the world. At least 4% of the total annual production valued at over 30 million US dollars is lost annually in Nigeria alone to this bruchid [10].

尝试减少损害由c muculatus收购了改进传统的存储方法。传统,豇豆存储的保护方法是依赖于化学合成杀虫剂的使用[11]。合成杀虫剂已被证明非常有效的控制象鼻虫[12]。在尼日利亚,像磷化铝熏蒸剂,灰尘像林丹“A”尘埃,林丹尘埃和Pirimiphos-methy1(虫螨磷)被广泛用于控制这些害虫[8]卡斯韦尔和Akibu, 1981)。豇豆害虫的控制使用化学杀虫剂,然而,被气馁因为健康危害人类和环境问题在别人[13]。此外,有拒食素和杀虫剂之间的区别。昆虫拒食素化合物,暂时或永久减少或防止昆虫饲养,因此拒食素不同杀虫剂间接的,而不是直接的行动。因此一个拒食素不应该杀死昆虫尽管死亡可能是由于饥饿由于抑制进食。另一种方法减少攻击的象鼻虫因此使用天然产品的植物来源。尼日利亚北部的农民自主使用各种谷物和豆类植物保护存储期间对害虫的危害。 The low cost and safety of botanical extract is gaining more importance in controlling cowpea pests [14,15,16,17] and it has been concluded that plant-derived extracts are environmentally safe, degradable, and target specific insecticides [18]. Plant powders’ for antifeedant activity tests are easy to prepare and apply and many plants have been used as powders in pilot tests. Among some five edible plant products powders investigated by Ajayi and Wintola [2], the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) was found to be the least potent in the ability to suppress oviposition, inhibit progeny emergence or to cause egg mortalities of Callosobruchus maculatus. However, extracts of fresh or dry plants materials are usually more effective than powders [19]. Mostly the extracts are effective against adult beetles, being repellents or toxicants to the beetles. The need to study the effects of some solvent extracts of the Parkia biglobosa seeds has been realized. The present research, therefore, has evaluated the antifeedant efficacies of the petroleum ether (60-80 oC) and ethanol extracts of the seeds of Parkia biglobosa.

二世。材料和方法

2.1实验豇豆

黑眼豌豆(豇豆属unguiculata),包含在他们的豆荚,用于本实验从一个农民购买在Wudil有市场,在尼日利亚北部卡诺州。豆荚的豆子了,只在必要的情况下删除的昆虫文化和拒食素的研究。

2.2昆虫文化

测试昆虫(Callosobrucus maculatus)获得以前出没的黑眼睛的豇豆和放置在三个塑料培养皿(150 x 25毫米)覆盖着细尼龙网只允许通过空气。二十个新鲜blackeyed豌豆(豇豆属unguiculata l . Walp)。从豆荚被放置在两个不同的塑料培养皿和每个在每个二十昆虫(10男性和10个女性)介绍了允许交配产卵。遮满了培养皿尼龙网在地方举行的橡皮筋,防止昆虫的逃避。文化是保持在一个实验室在室温(22 - 25°C)与间接照明和室外窗口环境湿度(从45% - -55% RH)为7周。第一代后代出现被用于实验。

2.3植物材料的准备

五百克(500克)的晒干的种子Parkia biglobosa(非洲槐豆),是保护和接地成粉末。粉放在透明的聚乙烯袋,储存在冰箱里。

2.4萃取的植物材料

200克的植物被浸渍详尽提取2000毫升容量瓶使用1000毫升的石油醚(60 - 80°C)在室温下三天。种子的石油醚提取过滤和另一个500毫升的再次涌上残留溶剂和提取两天;提取再次被过滤到前一个。溶剂是通过蒸馏减压下使用一个旋转蒸发器在40°C。种子石油醚提取后的残渣干燥和明年用乙醇提取使用相同的程序如上所述乙醇提取。

2.5植物化学的筛选

萜类化合物的植物化学的筛查,类固醇,生物碱、丹宁酸、皂甙、茶多酚、类黄酮和心脏苷在乙醇和石油醚提取物进行了使用标准的方法。

2.6拒食素生物测定

每个两个提取各级重(0.04,0.08,0.12,0.16,和0.20 g)和溶解在2毫升的甲醇。0.25毫升的解决方案被转移到一个小瓶子里,一夜之间变干。干样品重新溶解在丙酮5毫升。对于每个提取,20豇豆bean被计算出来,放置在一个烧杯。准备的bean被穿着丙酮的解决方案。另一个20 bean的控制与丙酮只穿着。5个男人和五个女人新出现的豇豆象鼻虫被引入到十一个烧杯的测试样品+控制。所有的烧杯满是净,允许通过空气,防止昆虫的逃避。设置允许呆五周和出没和un-infested bean的数量清点所有的烧杯包括控制。象鼻虫穿孔指数(WPI)计算的方法[20]Rotimi Ekperusi, 2012)。 Subtracting the value of WPI from 100 gives the Percent Protectant Ability (PPA).

二世。结果与讨论

3.1植物化学的筛选

植物化学的筛选结果,如下表1.0所示,显示,生物碱,黄酮类化合物,心脏苷、多酚、单宁和萜类化合物存在的乙醇提取物的种子Parkia biglobosa。类固醇和皂甙只有在石油醚提取物也发现含有萜类化合物。

次生代谢物如酚类化合物、生物碱、黄酮类和萜类化合物已确定展示喂养威慑活动(21、22)。杜克[23]进一步报道,有越来越多的证据表明,大多数中等产品的植物是参与植物与其他物种之间的相互作用,主要是植物的防御植物害虫。在这方面黄酮类化合物被认为是[24]作为植物的防御系统对食植物的昆虫。一篇研究论文对类黄酮及其相关化合物表明这些化合物具有拒食素对地下白蚁活动Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki [25]。这些化合物的结构与活性关系研究表明,吡喃环(环)负责拒食素活动而缺乏这枚戒指的取食选择性活动增加。皂苷已报告表现出明显的杀虫特性在一些害虫昆虫(26、27)。的一些报道观察影响皂苷增加死亡率,降低食物摄入,减肥,缺陷在开发和降低繁殖[27]。一个tricylic sesquiterpenoid隔绝千里光palmensis高拒食素已被证明有能力在马铃薯甲虫,Leptinotarsa decemlineata [28]。生物碱的分离的种子,种子豆荚和鲜花的刺桐latissima报道[29]有拒食素活动反对Spodoptera littoralis。萜类化合物等次生代谢物,已报告是最成功的杀虫剂[23]。 Some of these secondary metabolites could be responsible for the antifeedant property observed in Parkia biglobosa seed extracts. In fact complex mixtures of secondary compounds in plant extracts has been reported to contribute to a great deal for synergism, which enhances the joint action of active compounds against insect and reduces the rate of resistance development [30].

3.2生物活性测试

从下面的表2.0,结果获得了石油醚提取物的生物活性测试,乙醇提取和控制显示,象鼻虫穿孔指数(WPI)减少随着提取物浓度的增加。这是说的石油醚和乙醇提取物Parkia biglobosa种子在高剂量率都是有效的,这是需要更高浓度更高的有效性。

从表2.0,象鼻虫石油醚提取射孔指数从40.00%减少到18.18%,从0.02克剂量水平增加到0.20 g。同样也对乙醇提取的象鼻虫穿孔指数从30.77%减少到5.26%,浓度增加从0.02克到0.20克,说明乙醇提取更有效比石油醚提取最高剂量。能够保护种子从损害已经清楚地显示百分比保护剂的能力,其价值在0.20克剂量乙醇提取94.74%,石油醚提取物是81.82%。两个提取物是有效地控制感染或担任拒食素对豇豆的象仓储害虫的控制相比,最高的象鼻虫穿孔指数50%的允许的时间学习。总的来说,结果表明,提取物都有类似的效果。象鼻虫穿孔指数表示的能力从伤害中提取在保护豇豆种子和值的指数超过50%被认为是增强侵扰的植物材料或杀虫剂的象鼻虫或负面能力测试[31]。

六。结论

生物活性筛选结果表明,Parkia biglobosa种子提取物具有一些拒食素活动和有效浓度更高。的提取Parkia biglobosa种子含有生物碱、类黄酮,类固醇,心脏苷、萜类化合物、单宁、多酚和皂甙。这些植物化学的化合物提取的存在可能会负责他们的拒食素生物活性。此外,复杂的次生化合物的混合物在植物提取物已被报道为合作贡献很大,增强了联合行动的活性化合物对昆虫和减少阻力的速度发展。

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