土耳其马尔马拉大学社会选修课教授和讲师
收到日期:19/11/2015接受日期:31/12/2015发表日期:15/01/2016
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事实上,脏话只是日常生活的一部分,是一种真实的情况。他们关系到每个人。他们受雇于我们这些社会现实的创造者。他们通过偷听引起了我们的注意。他们甚至会选择我们作为他们的目标,大多数时候是在我们缺席的情况下,有时是在我们在场的情况下!
脏话,脏话,脏话,脏话,脏话。
语言的巨大力量
历史知识告诉我们,在古希腊,伊索有一次接到主人的命令,要为即将到来的客人准备最好的食物。这个特别聪明的奴隶继续用牛舌做了美味佳肴。他为自己的选择做了辩护,赞颂了人类语言的所有产物——美好的词语及其益处。舌头一定是地球上最好的东西。有这样一个寓言故事,在另一个场合,主人命令伊索为即将到来的客人做最难吃的食物。聪明的奴隶再次求助于用舌头做的盘子。他为自己的选择辩护,举了几个由几句粗心、粗鲁、侮辱性的话引发的可怕事件的例子。人类的舌头确实是最危险、最糟糕的东西。这是一种多么奇妙的辩证法哲学啊!某些人动不动就说脏话,这些人就被认为是满嘴脏话的。但在社会尺度上,特别是在某些社会中,脏话也代表着在各种人的关系中最重要的社会概念。 Swear-words may even represent a clinical picture in the case of some mental disorders: A bipolar person feels good and is constructive and productive in manic periods. He may talk for hours (logore) or indulge in writing (graphomania). He may donate property even to new acquaintances (sickly generosity). Prone to get flattery; he is intolerant of criticism. Polite and respectful a few moments ago, upon a tiny resistance, he may get in a rage and begin to swear Belli [1].
容易使用脏话的社会群体
抛开不同的癖好;众所周知,某些社会群体更倾向于在讲话中使用脏话。这种社会群体通常只由一种性别组成。在这种特殊情况下,一个人不会因为异性的存在而感到尴尬,因此,一个人的嘴巴可以自由地使用所有可能无耻的词语和短语。我曾经在一家国际钻井公司担任翻译,在这个特殊的场合,英语粗口第一次以浓缩的形式进入了我的视线。一些地质工程师甚至在每次张嘴的时候,肯定会说至少一个脏话。在这方面,监狱囚犯、寄宿学校社区和全是男性的军队是其他众所周知的例子。毫无疑问,一些人认为用脏话咒骂代表着强调一个人的男子气概(以及一个人相对于其他人的更高或指挥地位)。因此,它被视为一种美德,更不用说一种弱点或缺陷了。例如,土耳其农村的男性在占主导地位的男性文化背景下,以使用脏话为乐。 The following experience was told by an eye-witness, years ago. A passenger-bus gave a fifteen-minute rest pause at a side-road coffee-house years ago, on the way to an Aegean City, in Turkey. It was a cool day and passengers kept warming themselves with successive hot tea and coffee glasses. Nobody seemed anxious to board the bus again and drive ahead towards their destination; despite the “soon-todepart” announcement. The driver was a humorous man. Finally he took the microphone and made his own announcement: Dear passengers of Bla bla bla Tourism. What’s wrong is so appealing in guzzling hot cupfuls of tea and coffee, one after the other? Please get up and do board the bus, right away! We’ve got long kilometers ahead of us!” In villages, even children do swear and some are specially encouraged by fathers to do so, with promises of small rewards following the “accomplishment”! Females are known to resort to swear words only when they reach elderly ages. This is the time when their social status had risen upwards. I remember British anthropologist Sterling relating in his mid-Anatolian village study, that once a guest neighbor male wants to drive the females off the room for a private talk with the house owner. The females obey but an elderly woman stands her ground, as if stressing her higher status achieved due to age. Nevertheless; swearing is mainly a manly habitude or even a manly prerogative, one might say: Nuray is a novel-character, a divorced secretary, who had written a novel to prove her literary capabilities and to stand for the liberation of the fair sex. In one episode she is lost in feministic thoughts again: “The domination of men extended outside the home, too. The people who could talk loudly and laugh, on the roads, on the sea-shores and in coffee-houses, who could crack jokes with one another without danger, who could swear freely and fight when they got angry were all men said by Özakın [2].军事社会学家莫斯科[3.]在一项关于驻洪都拉斯美军分队的实地调查中提到,女性士兵对男性士兵的粗俗语言抱怨很多(帐篷中间的毯子将男女分开,可以在视觉上提供与男性的隐私,但不能确保听觉上的隔离)。彼得罗夫(4指的是在瑞典统治下的旧军队中的前芬兰士兵可怕的咒骂习惯。后来独立后进行的改革结束了这种可怕的做法。在土耳其南部的一些地区,咒骂万能的上帝,可怕的亵渎,never jama不幸也在使用;尽管它在某种意义上略微间接地提到了“你的上帝”或“他的上帝”。我读本科时,我们大学阿达纳的一位同学是这样解释的:“一场突如其来的雨会毁掉整个棉花制品。这就是为什么一些农民憎恨上帝。”我在一次火车旅行中遇到了一个来自伊斯坦布尔的屠宰场老板的儿子,他解释说,当他还是一名下士时,他对来自那些地区的人特别怀有报复心,因为他们有亵渎神灵的习俗。他说他过去常常找个小借口骂他们。就在几年前的某一天,在一个色雷斯城市周边的咖啡馆里,一场关于蛇的热烈讨论正如火如荼地进行着。小组组长Özcan是一个健谈的中年男子,相当于美国的“霹雳桶哲学家”类型,他正在讨论他以前在村里与蛇的冒险经历,与他一起的还有两个显然很着迷的熟人,他们也来自村庄(图1).他肯定地说,有一次他在谷仓睡觉时,一条蛇爬过他的大腿。“它会给你一种刺痛的感觉,但如果你不打扰这该死的生物Özcan它的舌头经常会骂人,就像许多村民一样——它不会咬你。你应该站着别动。它们害怕的时候会咬人。毕竟,它们和我们一样承载着生命。”在谈话过程中,他列举了几种蛇的名字。他说有些人会跳得很远,“也许有从那辆愚蠢的摩托车到我们桌子的距离那么远!”有一次,我正准备匆忙穿过伊斯坦布尔的巴格达大道。交通拥挤,我在人行道上开始不耐烦了。 Nearby was a middle-aged elegant gentleman, who was obviously long conditioned to wait for the green light without any complaint whatsoever, as a model Istanbulite . Finally the green light flicked and the two of us began to walk. On the way I gave him a sidelong glance and couldn’t help saying, half to him and half to myself: “It will be peasant-like attitude; but I would rather crap such an avenue! Suddenly the man looked up at me with open respect and admiration. For a moment I was indeed proud of my practical formation based on my deep-rooted provincial background. It is told that a Sorbonne-graduated snob high-placed in a Ministry in the capitol once asked Anatolian sub-governors for some statistical information about the heating measures taken in their districts. From a remote district came the answer that the main energy source was waste product of animals. The snobbish bureaucrat asked for further explanation. What was dung? What was its calorific value and the annually consumed amount? The answer was cabled in rhymes at once by the sub-governor.
通常,一个即将掌握一门外语的青少年会乐于学习属于该语言的俚语、脏话和短语。这是一种恶作剧的乐趣,部分原因是人们总是像一个局外人一样看待第二语言,对该语言表达的任何东西都不完全关心。因此,他也不能完全理解另一种语言中脏话的恐怖和丑陋。这一事实肯定会增加用另一种语言说脏话的快感。这就像读一本贫困小说,却没有真正进入一个悲惨的小木屋。
我们有一个美国数学老师,据说是夏天去赌场的赌徒。他显然非常渴望学习一些土耳其脏话。他曾在课堂上说:“我知道土耳其语是一种非常适合宣誓的语言。”(他自称是水牛比尔的第三代私生子,因此在学生中很受欢迎)。的确,土耳其语是一种“有弹性”的语言,可以接受暗示性的暗示和多种解释。纯粹的动词如穿刺,插入,清空等是咒骂动词的替代品。在法语或德语或英语中,所有的脏话汇编在一起构成了一个范围非常有限的“宝藏”;与土耳其语的无限可能性相矛盾。这种丰富的咒骂词汇并不仅仅来自土耳其语的敏捷、灵活和可塑性。而; as Tezcan [5强烈的性倾向似乎是土耳其人性格特征的全部,这可以从足球比赛中大量使用性符号,社会对放荡不羁的宽容,以及日常生活中大量的脏话和短语中看出。现在;许多概念的性别化显然与脏话密切相关(图2).许多民歌都是由啦啦队长即兴创作,并由观众大声重复,以某种方式向对方足球俱乐部传达侮辱性的性信息,后者被描绘成一个女性实体。尤其是守门员无法阻止进球,然后用头撞在门柱上经历悔恨危机,就像土耳其著名剧作家哈尔顿和塔纳尔在短篇小说中描述的那样,“一个无法保护自己贞节的尴尬处女”。6].作者在这篇短篇小说中赞美了一个出身卑微的足球队的基督教绅士球员,同时也在足球队和一群被“老妈妈”控制的妓女之间做了类比:就像妈妈有时会让她的女孩们忍受燃烧的熏香的魔力烟雾,以避免邪恶的眼睛盯着她们,激励她们;俱乐部经理有时会带着球队去参观著名圣人的神社,以增强队员们的团队精神和士气,从而增加比赛门票的销售。我们可以明确指出,在个体的基础上,这种性态度属于歇斯底里的人格类型:就像Belli强调的那样,歇斯底里甚至被一些神经学家错误地理解。那个歇斯底里的女人看起来风骚,因此给人一种好色的印象。这肯定引起了错误的想法。事实上,一个歇斯底里的人把一切都性感化了,除了性本身。歇斯底里的人会软化现实,忽视规则,逃避责任。他们不能推迟自己的需求,可能会沉迷于Caya的mitomania [7].在美国独立战争中;一位普鲁士军官斯托本男爵,由本杰明·富兰克林从他在巴黎的外交职位上推荐,来到美国为美国人的事业服务(就像法国将军德拉·费耶特侯爵、波兰指挥官科修斯科和另一位说德语的指挥官冯·卡尔布将军一样)。斯托本在组织和训练美国军队方面特别有用,并在美国历史上第一次让他们接受真正而严厉的军事纪律。现在;这个人生气的时候很喜欢说脏话。
感谢他的汗水和热情,感谢他对受邀者的慷慨;他在美国人中间既有朋友也有敌人。某些小团体写信给华盛顿将军,建议解除他的职务。有一件事是肯定的。斯托本被认为是一名宝贵的训练师,但他并没有在战斗中直接指挥部队。显然男爵自己也犯了错。他并没有在必要时频繁地诉诸外交手段。也许他对Goedsche和Glaettli的咒骂太多了。8].男爵首先会为即将到来的演习写下他的文本,然后通过他的模范公司向所有其他部队验证他们的应用。然后,他骑马从一个地方到另一个地方,检查劳动的结果。他会当场批评任何错误。但是,当他用蹩脚的英语咒骂他们时,士兵们可以尽情地笑。当士兵们犯了许多错误时,男爵才开始咒骂。他先是用德语宣誓,然后用法语宣誓,然后命令副官说:“现在,为了我的缘故,你应该用英语宣誓。”
许多好斗的青少年;以回答的形式说粗口有时可能在真正打架前起到潜在的(如果不是公开的)“开场白”的作用。两个年轻人之间或两群年轻人之间的肢体冲突往往以侮辱或咒骂开始。随后是拳打。在一场即将到来的战斗之前],“为了建立战士精神,对手的邪恶被强烈强调”Strodtbeck [9].在此基础上,建立了内群体道德。青年团体或帮派的首领“代表勇敢的男性(图1),强制遵从Ajuriaguerra所讨论的价值准则[10].众所周知,很多骄傲的男人因为听到脏话而成为杀手。他们脾气暴躁,忍不住要了做错事的人的命。具有讽刺意味的是,在监狱服刑期间,他们接触到更多来自狱警的脏话,如果不是来自其他“更强硬”的囚犯的话。1963年5月20日至21日;一场不成功的政变被组织起来反对当时的土耳其政府,这个政府本身也受到了最近成功的1960年5月27日军政府的影响。从某种意义上说,这是一场更为激进的政变——针对新的政变制造者本身,因此从一开始就选择了一个非常错误的目标。Demir [11他指出,挑起新的军事阴谋家的一个因素是努里·比尔事件。这位正义党(该党是已垮台的民主党的隐含延续,该党领袖已被吊死)的代表在安卡拉的安纳托利亚俱乐部(Anatolia Club)的一次饮酒会上(对军官的妻子)骂人而为人所知。新的政党害怕可能产生的不良后果,诉诸于对这个人的否定。他的代理豁免权被废除,贝瑟被判处一年监禁。但;党所采取的这些反制措施,不足以安抚那些长期坚决的阴谋家。他们继续实施他们的计划,使用军事学院的军事学生作为人力。(主流军事力量将彻底粉碎叛军)。
在马斯洛著名的需求层次理论中,从最低到最高,我们可以看到生理需求(饥饿、性、口渴)、安全需求(没有身体威胁)、社会需求(情感、友谊、从属关系)、尊重需求以及最终的自我实现,这些都是一个人所选择的,并且能够成为马西所说的。12].在某些环境下,亲密的友谊可以弥补上面提到的第三和第四种需求。有时候,一个人为了结交朋友而付出的有趣代价,就是必须忍受同事的嘲笑。因此,过度骄傲的人很难建立社会依附,包括被非常有凝聚力的圈子接纳。这是因为有时群体成员之间的亲密关系会通过例行的侮辱来表现出来(使用脏话作为一种称呼和问候的形式,如下面的典型对话:
-“你好吗,你这个混蛋?”我好久没见到你了!”
-“我没事,笨蛋!”你呢?”
这孩子生性以自我为中心。同理心和利他主义等概念在他的性格中还没有成熟。孩子可以以一种“透明”的方式表达他的想法,并诉诸嘲弄,只是为了好玩。他的嘲笑可以指向另一个人的贫穷、不同的、因此可能是错误的口音或身体缺陷。孩子们喜欢让彼此难堪!这也不一定会危及他们的友谊关系。相互嘲弄和习惯性的侮辱甚至可以作为真诚和亲密的标志或证明来巩固友谊。德莱尼(13他引用了关于青少年男性练习的言语决斗押韵的评论:“在这种言语游戏中,反驳必须与最初的挑衅侮辱押韵,并包含它;主题是积极的,有攻击性的男性,这是文化上重要的角色。”德莱尼没有给出任何例子。一个常见的押韵决斗是这样的(为了保持押韵,只有火车被改编成飞机,地名被改变了):第一个男孩说了一些押韵的话。第二个男孩反驳道:“刚刚下过大雨,雷声又来了。你怎么也作了诗人,像你自己所作的一样,是驴所生的呢?”第一个男孩又说了一遍:“飞机从这里起飞,降落在檀香山。如果我也当了诗人,为什么会让你这样的男妓不高兴呢?我的妻子出生在伊斯坦布尔,也在伊斯坦布尔长大,她有时受够了我的夜校和学术架子,恨我。然后我聪明地找了一个借口,夸大了我更卑微的地方,以减轻她的愤怒。 Just after the meal, for instance, turning a ritual insult towards myself I say: “So you fed the village-bastard full!” She keeps mute but I know she gets delighted, feeling elevated with respect to me. (Maybe thanks to the author Elif Şafak’s novel titled The Father and the Bastard, the word in Turkish does not sound so obscene any more). An Air-Force major once narrated about an incident at an air base in Eskişehir. The chief-staff-officer had previously supervised the organization of votive offerings of a few sheep sacrificing, at the beginning of the flight season. The major happened to be in his office when the phone ring bitterly. It was the general on the phone. He roared that the sheep sacrificing ritual was a mere superstition; a reactionary, archaic and ignorant practice! He chewed up the chief-staff-officer for tolerating such a shameful (!) scene. The man retorted that it was a deeply-established custom and a necessity for the pilots to fly with high morale. Then he held the receiver at arms length and in a manner to ensure the hearing of his communicator, he said to the major: Gee! See what a man this new base commander is? He crap us up, just because of a votive offering issue! Then slowly and deliberately he hung up. Normally it is the sole privilege of the superior to pronounce swear-words. It is even an indication of might and superiority. A subordinate could never dare to say a dirty word in the presence of a superior within the given rigid hierarchy. However; in this highly delicate and critical situation; if it were not for the wise tactfulness of the second man of the air base; the general could have raised hell in a more obvious and enraged manner. He could have even indulged in an official inquiry, a potential source of trouble for God knows how many men. Ever since the establishment of the republic; the founders took on a French type of stern laicism rather than an American type of mild secularism. The controversial arguments went on for decades, especially some military figures representing the unnecessarily zealous and overanxious advocates of repression of all religious ambiances. The main bulk of the society had always been deeply devout and in touch with holy relics and shrines as a source of spiritual blessing (mentally deranged persons seeking reason, disease-stricken seeking recovery, childless wives seeking conception of an embryo in their wombs, those in debt seeking financial relief etc.). To implore God-Almighty in the vicinity of those worthy and privileged beings, allegedly capable of intercession, would only enhance the acceptance of purified wishes. It is claimed that somehow some dirty words suit some mouths better! Strange as it may seem; their utterance may contribute to the charisma of the owner. Late Belli [1他当时是(法医)精神病学的副教授,曾在库库洛瓦大学(Cukurova University)担任法律医学系主任时与我们交谈,谈到各行各业,并提出精神病学的解释,通常是从弗洛伊德的观点出发。我们这位德高重敬的老板在讲故事的时候,总爱说些脏话,就像给饭菜锦上添花一样。例如,他与系主任关系不好,为了验证他的勇气,并鼓舞他和我们对抗“恶棍”的士气,他会说“他甚至不能在我的阴茎上放屁”。当他在安卡拉医学院接受专家培训时,一个叫莱拉的人是她的高级同事。根据Belli的描述,这位女士就性格而言是一个甜美迷人的角色,就外表而言有点超重。一天早上她上班迟到了。一个出租车司机为了骗她,在车流中不必要地长时间转弯。她捍卫自己的权利,那个男人一直反驳她。最后,她说出了自己的“疯子医生”的绰号,把他吓得一声不响,垂头丧气。蕾拉用口齿不清的语调向她那满嘴脏话的同事讲述了她早上的冒险经历,她用一种非常适合他的对话者的措辞盖上了她的“新闻简报”:“我亲爱的朋友,”她说。 “The cab-driver must have felt as if he got screwed!” On another occasion Belli [1他提到要去那位交感神经心理医生那里接受短期治疗。这位女士主要是想说他这个年纪还是个固执的单身汉。驱散他的合理化尝试,比如找不到一个足够聪明的新娘;她曾经脱口而出:“亲爱的,你究竟为什么不强迫自己想象一下,一个女人到底占有了什么?”在另一个分析会议上,一位年轻的妻子抱怨她的丈夫在床上不自然的接近尝试;莱拉惊恐地对她的同事们说:
"那个可怕的怪物想砸开那个可怜小东西的'钱箱' !这样的配偶应该受到最严厉的惩罚!”一些骂人的“专家”通常很聪明,他们会使用相关的词语,但不会直接对他们的直接对话者使用。某个陆军上尉会说这样的话:“把那该死的步枪的腰带系紧!或者“把那些该死的弹药放到别的地方,动作要快”。但他绝不会侮辱他手下的普通士兵。一个常见的公式是“我会拉你的麻烦,困难”。在伊斯坦布尔斯库塔里区的某个社区,有一个幽默的黑海人因他自己的发明而闻名:他会对他的熟人说“我要杀死我们的敌人”。在他的一部小说中14]描绘了一个有趣的侦探。他来自一个白俄移民家庭,最近一直在大量地喝伏特加。他经历了一段抑郁期)。在他离婚的房子里,他养了一只鹦鹉和一只仓鼠。有的早晨,他喝得酩酊大醉,把鸟儿的饲料喂给啮齿动物,反之亦然。这只鸟不太健谈。到目前为止,她能从主人那里记住一个俄语单词:Gawno。在土耳其共和国,有关家族姓氏的法律于1934年通过。直到那一年,在年轻的共和国和之前的奥斯曼帝国时代,人们密集地使用绰号来区分具有相同名字的不同个性。有些是民族绰号,或者是出生地。 Some other nicknames could be very degrading adjectives or may simply refer to some physical deformities. Some example are: Topal (lame), Kor (blind, usually meaning “one-eyed”), Kel (bald), Pinti (miser, stingy), Deli (crazy), Alcak (low, designating shortness but also insinuating lowness of character) or even Tek Tasak (with only one testicle, one-balled). A famous Ottoman grand vizier was Ökuz Mehmet Pasa (Mehmet Pasha, the Ox) (death: 1619, Aleppo). On a recent television program; Art-Historian Talha Ugurluel narrated that once during a campaign a stray-cow found its way into the ostentation military tent of the commandant. Some high officers of the Janissary corps were also present when the cow put his head into the front opening of the tent. [One wonders what the sentries were doing]. The Pasha approached the animal lovingly and talked to her in a whisper. Then he patted the animal and sent her away. Turning briskly around, he could catch a glimpse of the grinning faces of his officers. Jokingly he retaliated their enjoying themselves. He said: “The cow asked me what the hell I was doing among such a bunch of donkeys”.
有礼貌的文明人应该避免在讲话中使用脏话。以前有小学老师,如果听到男生骂人,就会命令他们去漱口。过去,有些严厉的父母会威胁说,要用滚烫的红辣椒涂在孩子骂人的嘴里。优美而雄辩的演讲被认为是一种社会价值。然而,根据环境和给定的情况;在成年人不断重建社会现实的过程中,所谓的脏话确实具有不可否认的必要内涵和潜在功能。事实不容否认,不容忽视;如果现实的考虑有问题。